The Global Perspective on the Scientific Method in Action
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Chapter 1: Understanding the Evolution of Scientific Thought
Science is not a rigid system but rather a dynamic process that evolves with new evidence.
In the year 1774, Joseph Priestley made a groundbreaking discovery of a new type of "air" that flared when ignited. This gas, which is vital for life, is known as oxygen—comprising 21% of the air we breathe today.
At that time, people believed air was a single substance. To explain why a candle extinguishes when covered, the phlogiston theory was introduced. It suggested that burning substances released a material called "phlogiston," which when trapped, would reach a saturation point—similar to overcrowding in a subway car.
Initially, this theory appeared logical and matched observable phenomena. However, the eventual discovery of oxygen led to the phlogiston theory's downfall. It took a century and a clever experiment using a scale in a jar to demonstrate that combustion actually consumes oxygen rather than releasing a fictional substance.
This narrative is significant as it illustrates the scientific process. We begin with a hypothesis—like the phlogiston theory—and must adjust our understanding when new discoveries arise. If new findings conflict with established knowledge, it prompts a reevaluation and updating of our theories.
Section 1.1: The Human Side of Science
As a scientist myself, I can relate to the feeling of making progress only to face setbacks. For instance, while analyzing satellite data on vegetation, I observed an unexpected shift. Initially, I was thrilled, believing I had uncovered something novel. Upon further investigation, I realized the shift was due to variations in satellite measurements.
Subsection 1.1.1: The Impact of COVID-19 on Scientific Discovery
The past year and a half have provided a unique opportunity for the world to witness science in real-time, particularly through the lens of COVID-19. Discoveries regarding the virus's behavior, replication, and transmission have dominated global discourse.
At first, we assumed that contact with surfaces was the primary means of spreading the virus, leading to extensive cleaning protocols in public spaces. However, we've since learned that airborne transmission is the main concern, which diminishes the risk associated with touching contaminated surfaces.
Scientific understanding is inherently gradual. The urgency of the COVID-19 crisis has accelerated research, with many scientists and organizations refocusing their efforts. During the peak of the pandemic in March-May 2020, Memorial Sloan Kettering cancer hospital shifted its resources to produce antibody testing kits and care for patients from other hospitals in New York City. Furthermore, makeshift hospitals were established in places like Central Park and the Jacob Javits Convention Center. Recruitment for vaccine trials was swift, driven by a large pool of willing participants and the necessity for rapid results.
Scientific journals have prioritized COVID-19 research, allowing for expedited publication and peer review processes, further enhancing our understanding.
Beginning in December 2019, the scientific community has shown a remarkable willingness to adjust their guidance in light of new evidence. This responsiveness exemplifies that science is not inflexible; it evolves to integrate fresh insights. Outdated theories, whether the phlogiston concept or early misconceptions about COVID-19 transmission, do not undermine the integrity of scientific work. Instead, they reflect the ongoing journey of understanding the complex world around us.
Chapter 2: The Role of the Scientific Method in Everyday Life
10,000 More Years of the Scientific Method - This video delves into the enduring relevance of the scientific method throughout history and its implications for future discoveries.
Science in the Real World: Let's Experiment! - A kid-friendly exploration of scientific principles through engaging experiments, emphasizing the practical applications of science.